Footnotes 31-40: William Wiecek, "Chapter 11: Radical Constitutional Antislavery:  The Imagined Past, the Remembered Future" in The Source of Antislavery Constitutionalism in America, (Cornell University Press: 1977)

<fn31> [*257] William Goodell, Views of American Constitutional Law, in Its Bearing upon American Slavery (Utica-.  Jackson & Chaplin, 1844).  A second and revised edition, which I have used here, was published in 1845 at Utica by Lawson & Chaplin.

<fn32> [*257] Lysander Spooner, The Unconstitutionality of Slavery (1845). 1 used the 4th ed. (Boston: Beta Marsh, 1960).  The first and second editions (the latter 1847) consisted only of what was called "Part I" in subsequent editions.  The third (1853) and fourth (1860), contained a "Part II," which was an elaboration of some of the points made in Part 1, and which seems to have been drafted in response to Wendell Phillips' Review of Spooner.

<fn33> [*257] For estimates of his place in American reform, see Perry, Radical Abolitionism, 194-208; James J. Martin, Men against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827-1908 (Colorado Springs: Myles, 1970), ch. vii; and A. John Alexander, "The Ideas of Lysander Spooner," New Eng. Q., 23 (1950), 200-217.

<fn34> [*258] Spooner to George Bradburn, 30 Jan. 1847, in Lysander Spooner Papers, N-YHS.

<fn35> [*258] [Lysander Spooner], "Has Slavery in the United States a Legal Basis?" Mass. Q. Rev., 1 (1848), 145-168, 274-293.  These articles will henceforth be cited: [Spooner], "Legal Basis." The attribution to Spooner is made by Charles M. Haar, The Golden Age of American Law (New York: Braziller, 1965), 271.  However, Merton L. Dillon, in The Abolitionists: The Growth of a Dissenting Minority (DeKalb: Northern Blinois Univ.  Press, 1974), 217, attributes the articles to Richard Hildreth.  For our purposes, it does not matter which of these attributions is correct.

<fn36> [*258] Lysander Spooner, A Defense for Fugitive Slaves, against the Acts of Congress of February 12, 1793 and September 18, 1850 . . . (Boston: Bela Marsh, 1850).

<fn37> [*258] Lysander Spooner, An Essay on the Trial by Jury (Boston: John P. Jewett,1852).

<fn38> [*258] Letter of Gerrit Smith to S. P. Chase, on the Unconstitutionality of Every Part of American Slavery (Albany: S. W. Green, 1847).

<fn39> [*259] James G. Bimey, "Can Congress, under the Constitution, Abolish Slavery in the States?" Albany Patriot, 12, 19, 20, 22 May 1847, reprinted in tenbroek, Equal under Law, app.  C., 296- 319.   All citations to this series below will be in this form: Birney, "Can Congress," with the page citation being to tenbroek, Equal under Law.

<fn40> [*259] Joel Tiffany, A Treatise on the Unconstitutionality of American Slavery; Together with the Powers and Duties of Federal Government in Relation to that Subject(Cleveland: J. Calyer, 1849).

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